One of the oldest known folk medicines is propolis, a wax-like resinous substance used by various nations since ancient times (Kuropatnicki et al. Alternative treatment methods may help bridge the divide between modern treatments, traditional herbal medicines, and cultural beliefs. In addition, the lack of sufficient infrastructure to receive and administer vaccines creates an impediment to vaccination programmes in rural and remote areas of countries, particularly in Africa (Nachega et al. Cited reasons for general vaccine hesitancy included cognitive, psychologic, socio-demographic, and cultural factors. 2020 Anand and Stahel 2021), public acceptance among the general population and healthcare workers has been worryingly low in some countries (Kreps and Kriner 2021 Sallam 2021). While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are generally safe and effective (Polack et al. During that period, pharmaceutical companies had tested several vaccines and some have since been authorized for vaccinating citizens in different countries throughout the world.
By the first week of July 2021, the SARS-CoV-2, which causes a disease called COVID-19, was still ongoing with more than 185 million positive cases and over four million deaths having been recorded globally (Johns Hopkins University & Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center ). 2020), SARS-CoV-2 has also caused a global pandemic that started around December 2019 (Alhouri et al.
Just like the other three indicated viruses (Abdelrahman et al. The other viruses include influenza A, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV). The novel 2019 coronavirus (formally referred to as “SARS-CoV-2”) is one of several viruses that are notorious for causing various respiratory illnesses, particularly in human populations. The activity of propolis compounds in decreasing the impact of COVID-19-related comorbidities, the possible roles of such compounds as COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants, and the use of nutraceuticals in COVID-19 treatment, instead of pharmaceuticals, has also been discussed. In addition, the review also highlights the possible mode of propolis action as well as molecular simulations of propolis compounds that may interact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therefore, this review sought to explore the natural properties of propolis and further evaluated past studies that investigated propolis as an alternative product for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. As a result, it appears that propolis could probably be useful in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. While further research is needed to validate this theory, it has been observed that COVID-19 patients receiving propolis show earlier viral clearance, enhanced symptom recovery, quicker discharge from hospitals, and a reduced mortality rate relative to other patients. Furthermore, studies on molecular simulations show that flavonoids in propolis may reduce viral replication. These include anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and bactericidal activities. Propolis has been utilized in medicinal products for centuries due to its excellent biological properties. This current study review provides a brief review of a natural bee product known as propolis and its relevance toward combating SARS-CoV viruses.
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